STOWERS, Justice.
Chana Boyko is a teacher who resigned in lieu of termination from the Anchorage School District after violating a "last chance agreement." She alleges the School District breached a resignation agreement in which it promised not to release negative information about her to prospective employers. Boyko sued, claiming that she was terminated as a result of disability discrimination and that the School District's comments made in violation of the resignation agreement breached
In the fall of 2004 Chana Boyko was employed as a teacher at Goldenview Middle School in the Anchorage School District. One morning she arrived at school late and appeared to be intoxicated. The school's principal, Julie Maker, sent Boyko to Providence Breakthrough Program for an assessment and alcohol testing. A blood alcohol content (BAC) test revealed that Boyko's BAC was 0.155 percent. Boyko consequently completed an out-of-state treatment program and returned to Providence Breakthrough for continuing treatment.
The School District had Boyko sign a "last chance agreement," which the School District uniformly required of employees who reported to work intoxicated. The agreement conditioned Boyko's continued employment upon several provisions, including committing to remain free of alcohol, completing treatment with Providence Breakthrough, keeping the School District apprised of her progress in treatment, and meeting all other terms and conditions of the last chance agreement.
Soon after, Boyko limited the School District's access to her treatment records and neglected to tell the School District about missed treatment appointments. Boyko also took a BAC test that registered her BAC at.007. Boyko did not attend a partial hospitalization program that Providence Breakthrough recommended after her positive BAC test and was discharged from the program. Providence Breakthrough informed the School District that Boyko had not complied with the conditions of her program, that she tested positive for alcohol, that she refused to attend the hospitalization treatment program, and that she was discharged from Providence Breakthrough's program against medical advice.
As a result of Boyko's discharge from Providence Breakthrough, the School District placed her on administrative leave and she received a notice of proposed dismissal and pre-termination hearing. Upon advice from a representative of the teacher's union, Boyko resigned so that she would not be terminated.
Before turning in her letter of resignation, Boyko spoke on the phone with Eric Tollefsen, the executive director of human resources for the School District. Boyko secretly recorded the phone conversation. The following exchange occurred:
Boyko testified in her deposition that when she handed in her letter of resignation, Tollefsen told her that she would not have any problems finding work in another school district and that "no information would be given to anyone that would prevent [her] from being considered for a position."
After she resigned, Boyko applied for a position with the Matanuska-Susitna (Mat-Su) Borough School District. She alleged that, when contacted as a job reference, "the [Anchorage School] District failed to represent
Boyko then applied for a position with the Alaska Military Youth Academy. Boyko alleged that the School District reported negatively on her job performance by telling the Military Youth Academy that she was not eligible for future employment with the School District. Irene Lee, the deputy director of the Military Youth Academy at the time of Boyko's application, stated in an affidavit that "Boyko's last supervisor/principal at the Anchorage School District . . . advised [us] that she would not recommend that [the Military Youth Academy] hire Ms. Boyko as a teacher." James Jones, the principal of the Military Youth Academy at the time, stated in an affidavit that Boyko's last principal told him that she would not rehire Boyko. Nevertheless, the Military Youth Academy hired Boyko. Boyko later attempted to rescind her resignation letter to the School District.
In April 2007 Boyko filed a four-count complaint in superior court alleging that the School District (I) discriminated against her based on disability; (II) breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing by breaching the resignation agreement; (III) breached her collective bargaining agreement; and (IV) interfered with her prospective contractual relations by breaching the resignation agreement.
The School District filed a motion for summary judgment, arguing Boyko was not disabled, the School District had a non-discriminatory reason for termination, Boyko's failure to exhaust her administrative remedies barred her from claiming a breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing, and the School District did not lie to any potential future employers.
The superior court granted the School District summary judgment on Counts I, III, and IV. The court granted the School District summary judgment for failure to exhaust administrative remedies on Count II to the extent that the claim related to Boyko's employment agreement, but denied summary judgment "without prejudice as to possible rebriefing" to the extent that it related to Boyko's resignation agreement.
Both parties moved for reconsideration. Boyko argued that the court should reconsider its decision to grant summary judgment on Count IV, her claim of interference with prospective contractual relations. The School District argued that no claims could arise from Maker's statements because AS 09.65.160 provides employers who disclose job performance information with immunity. The court agreed and granted the School District summary judgment on Count II. The court found that, regardless of any promises the School District made not to release negative information about Boyko, the School District was statutorily immune from civil liability for any disclosures. The court did not reconsider its decision on Count IV. Boyko filed another motion for reconsideration of the court's full summary judgment on Count II. The court affirmed its previous grant of summary judgment and issued a final judgment.
Boyko appeals, arguing that the superior court erred in granting the School District immunity under AS 09.65.160. She also argues that the School District breached her resignation agreement and as a result breached the covenant of good faith and fair dealing and interfered with her prospective contractual relations. She also argues that the superior court erred in dismissing her claim of disability discrimination.
We review a superior court's grant of summary judgment de novo.
We interpret the meaning of a statute using our independent judgment, "interpreting the statute according to reason, practicality, and common sense, considering the meaning of the statute's language, its legislative history, and its purpose."
Boyko argues that Principal Maker's comments to the Alaska Military Youth Academy and Superintendent Comeau's refusal to give her a recommendation breached the resignation agreement. The School District argues that there was no breach because it did not make any negative or derogatory statements about Boyko.
To overcome summary judgment, Boyko must set forth specific facts arising from admissible evidence showing that there is a genuine issue of material fact whether the School District breached the agreement.
Boyko included with her opposition to summary judgment the affidavit of Irene Lee, the deputy director of the Alaska Military Youth Academy. Lee stated in her affidavit that "[w]hen Ms. Boyko's last supervisor/principal at the Anchorage School District was contacted we were advised that she would not recommend that we hire Ms. Boyko as a teacher for our program."
Boyko attached the affidavit of James Jones, the principal at the Military Youth Academy, to her first motion for reconsideration, filed in response to the superior court's invitation for additional briefing. He stated that Maker "stated she would not rehire Ms. Boyko if she reapplied."
The School District contends that neither statement by Maker was a release of negative information because her statements were not "information" but rather opinions and they did not provide any details about Boyko's separation from the School District.
Not providing details about the separation does not necessarily establish that the School District did not violate the resignation agreement. Tollefsen's promise in the resignation agreement was not limited to details about the separation: it covered "anything negative." The promise was also not limited to negative "information." Tollefsen told Boyko that she would not have "anything negative" on her record and Boyko alleged that he told her that there would be no "negative or derogatory statements made" about her. Maker's recommendation that the Military Youth Academy not hire Boyko and her assertion that she would not rehire Boyko, even if only opinions, are arguably also negative statements about Boyko. By producing these sworn statements, Boyko successfully raised a genuine issue of material fact regarding whether Maker's comments violated the resignation agreement.
Superintendent Comeau's refusal to provide a recommendation for Boyko, however, did not violate the resignation agreement. The School District promised not to make negative statements about Boyko, but it did not promise to provide positive statements or recommendations.
We reverse the grant of summary judgment and remand to the superior court for trial on the issue of whether Maker's
Alaska Statute AS 09.65.160 provides:
The superior court found that the School District was entitled to immunity under this statute and as a result granted the School District summary judgment on the claim of interference with prospective contractual relations and the claim of breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing.
Boyko argues that AS 09.65.160 does not apply because the parties negotiated around it in the resignation agreement.
"[S]tatutorily created rights can generally be waived."
We reverse the superior court's determination that the School District was protected by AS 09.65.160 immunity. We remand on the issue whether Tollefsen's statements impliedly waived the School District's rights under AS 09.65.160. Because there are genuine issues of material fact whether the School District breached the resignation agreement and whether the School District waived its statutory immunity, it was error for the superior court to grant summary judgment on Boyko's claims of breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing and interference with prospective contractual relations. We reverse summary judgment as to those claims as well.
Boyko claims that the superior court erred in granting the School District summary judgment on her disability discrimination claim under the Alaska Human Rights Act (AHRA). She specifically argues that the School District terminated her for being an alcoholic.
The AHRA, specifically AS 18.80.220(a), provides that "it is unlawful for ... an employer to ... bar a person from employment... because of the person's ... physical or mental disability ... when the reasonable demands of the position do not require distinction on the basis of ... physical or mental disability."
We use a three-part analytical framework for claims under AS 18.80.220(a):
The parties do not dispute that Boyko raised a prima facie case of discrimination and that the School District presented a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for Boyko's discharge. We will assume that Boyko had a disability for the purpose of this case,
To raise a genuine issue of material fact, Boyko must present more than "unsupported assumptions and speculation."
Boyko presents three arguments to support her claim that the School District's stated reason for terminating her—that she violated the last chance agreement—was pretext: (1) Tollefsen promised her that she would not receive negative employment references, but he did not intend to keep that promise; (2) when she signed her last chance agreement, Tollefsen said that she would fail and that she was going to die; and (3) she was not allowed to explain herself after she was accused of violating the last chance agreement.
Boyko's first argument, that Tollefsen did not intend to keep his promise that she would not receive negative references, is not supported by any admissible evidence and presents only unsupported speculation.
Boyko's next argument, that the School District "wrote [her] off the minute they found out she was an alcoholic" and forced her to resign, is also conclusory and speculative. She points to Tollefsen's alleged statements to her when she signed the last chance agreement that she was a liar, that she was going to die, and that she would fail and probably be terminated. However, the School District did not immediately terminate her upon learning of her alcoholism, but instead made several attempts to assist her in rehabilitation by sending her to Providence Breakthrough and providing her with the last chance agreement. It only began the termination process after Boyko violated her last chance agreement, which provided a permissible reason for termination.
Finally, Boyko argues that she was not allowed to explain at a pre-termination meeting Providence Breakthrough's decision to discharge her. It is undisputed that Boyko's last chance agreement conditioned her continued employment on successfully completing "the approved plan of continued rehabilitation from Providence Breakthrough," that her continuation of employment was "contingent upon [Boyko] satisfactorily meeting all of the terms" of the last chance agreement, and that her failure to do so would "subject [Boyko] to immediate discipline up to and including termination." Providence Breakthrough discharged Boyko from its rehabilitation program because it found that she had tested positive for alcohol and refused to attend a recommended hospitalization treatment program. Boyko's argument is that the School District did not give her an opportunity to explain Providence Breakthrough's decision. Implicit in her argument is that there may have been extenuating circumstances or that Providence Breakthrough's decision was invalid. There may have been arguments she could have made to Providence Breakthrough, but the School District was entitled to rely on Providence Breakthrough's determination. After Providence Breakthrough communicated to the School District its decision to discharge Boyko, the School District acted within the scope of the last chance agreement in terminating her. Boyko has not raised a genuine issue of material fact on whether the School District's decision to follow the terms of the last chance agreement was pretextual.
We REVERSE the grants of summary judgment on the claims of breach of the covenant of good faith and fair dealing and interference with prospective contractual relations and REMAND for trial. Among the jury issues at trial will be whether the agreement was in fact a contract and, if so, what performance was called for on the part of the School District and whether the District is statutorily immune. We AFFIRM the grant of summary judgment on the discrimination claim.
FABE, Justice, and CHRISTEN, Justice, not participating.
WINFREE, Justice, concurring.
I agree with the court's resolution of the summary judgment issues presented in this appeal. I write separately only to express my view that if Boyko and the School District actually entered into a resignation agreement as Boyko alleged, that agreement itself is a waiver of the School District's statutory immunity under AS 09.65.160. In the absence of an express reservation of its statutory immunity rights as a part of a resignation agreement, an employer cannot enter into an agreement limiting what the employer can say about the resigning employee and then rely on the statute to immunize itself from damages arising from its breach of the agreement:
To the extent the court suggests otherwise, by stating there is a genuine issue of material fact on whether the resignation agreement, if it exists, "included an implicit waiver of statutory immunity," (emphasis added) I disagree.